<note tip>
**Get an offline copy of this page by clicking the libreoffice writer icon** ~~ODT~~
</note>
====== Git/Gitlab courses UFU 2026 ======

{{:brasil:courses:git-logo.png?200|}}{{:brasil:courses:gitlab.png?300}}

{{ :brasil:courses:git_gitlab:gitgitlabillustration.png?600 |}}

====== Prerequisites======

<note importante>
**To install WSL or WSL2 you need Windows 10 or 11.**
</note>
===== Install Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) =====

Open a PowerShell in administrator mosde by clicking with the right button and select "execute as administrator"

We can list the available distributions : 

<code text>
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> wsl.exe --list --online
Voici la liste des distributions valides qui peuvent être installées.
Installez à l’aide de 'wsl.exe --install <Distro>'.

NAME                            FRIENDLY NAME
Ubuntu                          Ubuntu
Ubuntu-26.04                    Ubuntu 26.04 LTS
Ubuntu-24.04                    Ubuntu 24.04 LTS
Ubuntu-22.04                    Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
openSUSE-Tumbleweed             openSUSE Tumbleweed
openSUSE-Leap-16.0              openSUSE Leap 16.0
SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-15-SP7    SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 SP7
SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-16.0      SUSE Linux Enterprise 16.0
kali-linux                      Kali Linux Rolling
Debian                          Debian GNU/Linux
AlmaLinux-8                     AlmaLinux OS 8
AlmaLinux-9                     AlmaLinux OS 9
AlmaLinux-Kitten-10             AlmaLinux OS Kitten 10
AlmaLinux-10                    AlmaLinux OS 10
archlinux                       Arch Linux
FedoraLinux-44                  Fedora Linux 44
FedoraLinux-43                  Fedora Linux 43
eLxr                            eLxr 12.12.0.0 GNU/Linux
OracleLinux_7_9                 Oracle Linux 7.9
OracleLinux_8_10                Oracle Linux 8.10
OracleLinux_9_5                 Oracle Linux 9.5
SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-15-SP6    SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 SP6
</code>

To install a specific distribution, we use the following command: 

<code bash>
wsl.exe --install -d [Distro]
</code>
For example to install Archlinux : 
<code bash>
wsl.exe --install -d archlinux
</code>

Without '-d' option, the Ubuntu distribution in its last release will be installed.

<code text>
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> wsl --install
Téléchargement en cours : Sous-système Windows pour Linux 2.7.11
Installation en cours : Sous-système Windows pour Linux 2.7.11
Sous-système Windows pour Linux 2.7.11 a été installé.
Installation du composant facultatif Windows : VirtualMachinePlatform

Outil Gestion et maintenance des images de déploiement
Version : 10.0.26100.8521

Version de l’image : 10.0.26200.8655

Activation de la ou des fonctionnalités
[==========================100.0%==========================]
L’opération a réussi.
L’opération demandée est réussie. Les modifications ne seront pas effectives avant que le système ne soit réamorcé.
Téléchargement : Ubuntu
Installation : Ubuntu
La distribution a été installée. Il peut être lancé via 'wsl.exe -d Ubuntu'
Lancement : Ubuntu...
Provisioning the new WSL instance Ubuntu
This might take a while...
Create a default Unix user account: yann
Create a default Unix user account: yann
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully
usermod: no changes
Help improve Ubuntu!

Help us improve Ubuntu features and compatibility by sharing system reports with Canonical.
Reports are sent anonymously and do not contain any personal data.
For legal details, please visit: https://ubuntu.com/legal/systems-information-notice

We will save your answer to Windows and will only ask you once.

Would you like to opt-in to platform metrics collection (Y/n)? To see an example of the data collected, enter 'e'.
 e
{
  "insightsVersion": "0.9.3ubuntu",
  "collectionTime": 1786024928,
  "systemInfo": {
    "hardware": {
      "cpu": {
        "name": "13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13850HX",
        "vendor": "GenuineIntel",
        "architecture": "x86_64",
        "cpus": 28,
        "sockets": 1,
        "coresPerSocket": 14,
        "threadsPerCore": 2
      },
      "memory": {
        "size": 15816
      },
      "disks": [
        {
          "size": 356,
          "type": "disk"
        },
        {
          "size": 159,
          "type": "disk"
        },
        {
          "size": 4096,
          "type": "disk"
        },
        {
          "size": 1048576,
          "type": "disk"
        }
      ]
    },
    "software": {
      "os": {
        "family": "linux",
        "distribution": "Ubuntu",
        "version": "26.04"
      },
      "timezone": "CEST",
      "language": "C"
    },
    "platform": {
      "wsl": {
        "subsystemVersion": 2,
        "systemd": "used",
        "interop": "enabled",
        "version": "2.7.11.0",
        "kernelVersion": "6.18.33.2-microsoft-standard-WSL2"
      }
    }
  }
}
Would you like to opt-in to platform metrics collection (Y/n)? To see an example of the data collected, enter 'e'.
[Y/n/e]: y
yann@lcom-is-m-maif2:/mnt/c/WINDOWS/system32$
</code>

===== Run WSL and install linux updates=====

Search for wsl in the search barre : 

{{ :brasil:courses:wsl.png |}}

and click on "Open/Run" you should get the following window:

{{ :brasil:courses:wsl_2.png |}}

Now we update the system:

<code bash>
yann@lcom-is-m-maif2:~$ sudo apt update
yann@lcom-is-m-maif2:~$ sudo apt upgrade
</code>


===== Install gcc, git and more=====

<code bash>
yann@lcom-is-m-maif2:~$ sudo apt install build-essential dos2unix tree gitk gedit
yann@lcom-is-m-maif2:~$ sudo apt install git git-lfs
</code>

===== Find your linux files from windows =====
You can retrieve your linux files from windows thanks to the explorer:
{{ :brasil:courses:wslfiles.png |}}

===== Copy/Paste/Move files from a system to another : Zone.Identifier files =====

Zone.Identifier files in WSL are sidecar metadata files created when you copy or move a file downloaded from the internet on Windows into your Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) filesystem. 


Windows natively tracks downloaded files using a security feature called Mark of the Web (MOTW). Because Linux filesystems do not support this specific Windows feature, WSL extracts that hidden data and saves it as a separate visible file.

Zone.Identifier files are a security metadata mechanism introduced by Windows to mark files downloaded from untrusted locations, like the internet. On Windows NTFS drives, this data is hidden inside an Alternate Data Stream (ADS). However, when you move or copy these files into a Linux filesystem via the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL), Linux treats this stream as a separate, visible file. These files often clutter directories and can break Linux scripts due to the colons in their filenames.You can safely delete existing identifier files, prevent Windows from creating them, or force your Git repository to ignore them.

==== Delete Existing Files Recursively ====

To clean up clutter in your current WSL directory, you can safely scan and remove them using the Linux find command:
<code bash>
find . -name "*:Zone.Identifier" -type f -delete
</code>

<note>
Tip: If you want to make this easier, you can add 
<code bash>
alias purge-zone='find . -name "*:Zone.Identifier" -type f -delete'
</code> to your ''~/.bashrc file''.
</note>

==== Disable Creation via Windows Group Policy ====

You can stop Windows from generating this data globally so that future file transfers do not create new identifier files:
  * Press Win + R, type ''gpedit.msc'', and press ''Enter''.
  * Navigate to: ''User Configuration > Administrative Templates > Windows Components > Attachment Manager''.
  * Open Do not preserve zone information in file attachments.
  * Set the policy to ''Enabled'', click Apply, and select OK.

==== Disable Creation via Windows Registry ====

If you are using Windows Home edition and lack the Group Policy Editor, you can use the Registry Editor to achieve the same result:
  * Press Win + R, type ''regedit'', and press ''Enter''.
  * Navigate to: ''HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\AttachmentsNote'': If the Attachments key does not exist, right-click Policies, select ''New > Key'', and name it ''Attachments''.
  * Right-click inside the Attachments folder, select ''New > DWORD (32-bit) Value'', and name it ''SaveZoneInformation''.
  * Double-click ''SaveZoneInformation'' and change its value data to 1.

==== Hide Files from Git Repositories ====

If these files frequently pop up in your project work and you want to prevent them from being committed to Git, add them to your tracking block:
  * Add the following line to your project's ''.gitignore'' file: ''text*:Zone.Identifier''
===== Interoperability =====

<note bloquante>
 /bin/bash^M: bad interpreter: No such file or directory
</note>

This error occurs because your shell script has Windows line endings (CRLF) instead of Linux line endings (LF).
Linux reads the hidden carriage return character (\r, shown as ^M) as part of the path, making it look for an interpreter named /bin/bash\r, which does not exist.

Here are the quickest ways to fix your script:

==== Method 1: Convert using sed (No installation required) ====

Run this command directly in your WSL terminal to strip out the Windows carriage returns:

<code bash>
sed -i 's/\r$//' your_script.sh
</code>

==== Method 2: Use dos2unix (Cleanest method) ====

If you have ''dos2unix'' installed (or want to install it via ''sudo apt install dos2unix''), it fixes the file instantly:

<code bash>
dos2unix your_script.sh
</code>

==== Method 3: Fix it in VS Code ====
If you are editing the file in Windows using VS Code:
  * Look at the bottom right corner of the VS Code window.
  * Click on CRLF.
  * Select LF from the drop-down menu.
  * Save the file.

==== Using git, how to prevent this in the future ====
If you use Git, you can configure it to automatically handle line endings properly across Windows and WSL by running:
<code bash>
git config --global core.autocrlf false
</code>

===== Writing conventional commit message =====

source : https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/ 

A conventional commit message follows the strict structure ''<type>[optional scope]: <description>'', aligning with the Conventional Commits specification. 

It uses standard types like ''feat'' (feature) and ''fix'' (bug fix) to create a clean, automated, and machine-readable project history.

Core Structure
  * Header: ''<type>(<scope>): <description>'' (Required)
  * Body: Detailed explanation of the what and why (Optional)
  * Footer: Issue tracking references or breaking changes (Optional)

Common Commit Types
  * feat: A new feature for the user or API
  * fix: A bug fix for the codebase
  * docs: Changes to documentation (like README)
  * style: Formatting changes that do not affect code logic (white space, semicolons)
  * refactor: Code restructuring that neither fixes a bug nor adds a feature
  * perf: Performance improvementstest: Adding or updating tests
  * chore: Maintenance tasks or build/tooling changes


Quick Rules to Follow
  * Write the description in the imperative present tense (e.g., “add”, not “added” or “adds”).
  * Keep the first line under 50 characters and do not add a period at the end.
  * Append ! after the type/scope (e.g., feat(api)!:) to signal a breaking change.

====== Using Git with windows ======
{{ :brasil:courses:git_gitlab:logo2x.png |}}

To use git directly with windows, you need to install it from https://git-scm.com/install/windows

Inside windows explorer you can access git using a gui or a shell bash as viewed in this courses :

{{ :brasil:courses:git_gitlab:git_explorer_context.png |}}

{{ :brasil:courses:git_gitlab:git_gui.png |}}

{{ :brasil:courses:git_gitlab:git_bash.png |}}